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uring the inflating of the high-tech bubble in the 1990s, investors believed that stock prices moved only upward and that the Dow would climb to 36,000. Investors subscribed to the greater fool theory if they bought Internet Capital Group (ICGE) at $200.94 per share, they thought they could sell it to someone tomorrow for $225. Many investors did not understand risk or the trade-off between risk and expected return. Nor did they realize how quickly stock prices plummet in response to bad news, or how interest rates and profits affect stock values. The bubble imploded. At the end of 2002, the NASDAQ index closed at 1,335.51 down 75 percent from its high; ICGE traded at $0.36 per share; and investors desperately needed a rational and informed approach for investing in stocks. This book fills that need. This chapter introduces the 10 principles of finance, which anchor the stock valuation process. Some principles are obvious. Others are subtle, such as efficient capital markets, and are based upon the results of academic research and testing. Some of the research that we discuss may use terms that are unfamiliar to readers who don t pos-

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in GSM areas that have access to the appropriate spectrum. And of course, UMTS is the ultimate goal that will harmonize the two access options. One factor is that CDMA appears to be a more cost-effective solution than traditional GSM and its various evolutionary stages. Performance is another consideration: 1X offers third-generation service at speeds comparable to that of dial-up service. 1xEV-DO offers higher-speed, highcapacity wireless Internet connectivity that is optimized for packet transport. It provides a combination of high network performance and strong economic benefits that are unprecedented in mobile, portable, and fixed services networks. 1X has been available in Canada for a while, and 1X EV-DO has been available in South Korea for quite some time. And Verizon and Sprint now offer the service in the United States as well.

One other technology innovation that should be mentioned as part of the future of the industry is cognitive radio. Cognitive radio describes radios that provide software-based control of signal modulation techniques, wide-band or narrow-band operation, communications security functions (such as frequency hopping), and waveform requirements of current and evolving standards over a broad frequency range. Cognitive radio is applicable across the wireless industry and provides efficient, inexpensive solutions to several challenges found in current systems. For example, cognitive radio-based end-user devices and network equipment can be dynamically programmed for better performance, delivery of enhanced on-demand feature sets, and the provisioning of a wide variety of advanced services that provide new revenue streams for the service provider. The cognitive radio concept is based on the use of a simple hardware platform that allows customers to dynamically modify both the network and the end-user device to perform different functions at different times. This allows end-users to have choices with pay-as-you-go features, device independence, and scalable hardware. It allows network operators to differentiate their services without having to support multiple handsets, and to move quickly into new markets and offer new, tiered services to increase revenue. Cognitive radio also allows infrastructure suppliers to lower their costs and protect themselves from price erosion due to a reduction in network elements because of a common hardware platform.

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sess a finance or statistics background. Not to worry! When we describe a new term, concept, or principle, we use simple examples to illustrate its importance. If a section is initially unclear, please reread it. It will be worth your investment of time because ultimately, we will show you how to use the 10 principles to increase your wealth and make better investment decisions.

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